Do you know about - Psychodynamic family Therapy
Therapist Schooling! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic arrival favorite by followers of the Freudian school of thought (circa 1900's) that sees clients as psychologically ill through unconscious conflict within the mind. Freud based his arrival on personel clinical case studies, which fail to be empirically tested due to the impossibility of replication. This means that the rehabilitation of clients is an act of faith based on touch of personel therapists own experience.
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The conflict that Freud wrote of was the mind's ability to safe itself from harm by creating strategies that Freud named defence mechanisms. These mechanisms preclude conscious awareness of traumatic touch from the past in childhood that could cause distress to the client. These defence mechanisms often displayed themselves as maladaptive behaviour and presented themselves in therapy as symptomlogy of biological defects, such as twitching, nervousness and at its worst hysteria (panic attacks).
Freud believed that through the technique of free-association a inpatient could reinact mentally the past traumas and so through comprehension could come to terms with the past event. This meant that the client would be free of the syptomolgy and change their behaviour to more favorable strategies for coping with stress.
Freud's former ideas where based on his theory of child improvement that led to a model of the mind in which the person's mental processes where divided into three parts. The first to manufacture was the "Id"; Freud saw this as the fundamental drive that was innate within all babies. From this stage the baby would recognize its world orally to begin with and as it became more dextrous and language advanced would move through assorted exploritry devices such as anal, phallic, latent and genital. More importantly from a therapy point of view each stage represented a maturing of the mind through socialization. This Freud saw as the improvement of the "Super-Ego" that part of the mind that took on board the beliefs and values of those nearby us. Parents instilled moral ideals such as right from wrong, consequences, so building up a reaction to guilt. Later teachers would socialize children through what has come to be known as the hidden-curriculum, the idea being that school taught the value of timekeeping, discipline and the work ethic. Later peer groups would influence and modify this trust theory into adult maturity. The final part was that of the "Ego" which Freud saw as testing reality and refereeing in the middle of the "Id and the Super Ego" where the two parts of the mind would be in conflict over the Id's desire for gratification and the Super-ego's desire for regulation and rule following.
Since Freud's death in 1939 the neo-Freudians have modified his methods and differing schools of thought have honed and advanced psychoanalysis in many separate directions. This has meant that modern psychoanalysis may gift itself in many forms. Followers of Freud such as Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm and many others all have contributed singular insights into the therapeutic process. Also since Freud's time the work of Piaget, Vortgotsky and Klein have shed light into the developing world of the child and given differing aspects of conflict that may arise from early childhood. Later modern explore such as conducted by Bowlby, Ruttter and Ainsworth brought into sharp focus the rehabilitation of children by adults and the environment have a vast shaping influence over the child's eventual behaviour.
It is impossible to recognize all the differing types of psychoanalysis in this short essay however on of the most influential and clinically appropriate styles is that of Eric Bern who advanced Transactional Analysis. Ta was advanced on the back of Freudian therapy but was an exertion to demystify the process of diagnosis by ridding itself of the language problems such as using Latin terms or Greek and Egyptian mythology used by Freudians to illustrate its concepts. Eric Berne substituted the idea of the Id, Ego & Superego with the Parent, Adult & Child, this being more easily understood by the layperson. however unlike Freudian theory Ta became much more in-depth and groundbreaking in its insightfulness towards human behaviour.
In all psychoanalytical therapy it is primarily aimed at the personel and the individuals problems of behaviour and ability to cope in the gift environment. The success of personel therapy is in debate. Eysenck in the 1960's published a damning description of the effectiveness of separate types of arrival to mental health and accomplished that there was no supporting evidence that psychotherapy was any more productive than time. Eysenck was effectively saying that you were just as likely to recover with time passing than intervention. He also showed that in-patient statistics supported psychiatry as a more productive rehabilitation for most patients. It has recently come to light that Eysenck exaggerated his figures to prove a point and that in fact the outcomes for psychiatry where not supported by evidence and in most cases citizen did have great outcomes through a session of psychoanalytical treatments.
From personel therapy came the idea of Group therapy in that clients could benefit from interacting with those that they could identify with as being similar in suffering to themselves. The best group therapy is ordinarily that which brings together citizen with similar problems areas. Identifying with others helped to stop the trust theory of aloneness, isolation and feelings of "am I the only one". From these beginnings the idea of bringing the house together to help an personel within the unit could be of a therapeutic benefit.
Family therapy is not based on any singular personality theory or school of thought. In itself it is an arrival to problems in that the house is viewed as the inpatient and all are treated together. The idea is that the personel is a goods of their environment and that to furnish change the environment needs to be altered to benefit all the members of the family.
Unlike personel therapy house therapy looks initially for the house power structure and enhancing communications and comprehension in the middle of the members of the family. Most therapist try to increase personel comprehension of each other and the ability for each member of the house to grow and be accepting of differentiation. Most families start of by scapegoating a singular member of the house as the central cause of the upsets and disharmony within the unit. R. D. Laing and Esterson (1964) discovered through their explore into the ensue of house in producing Schizophrenic children, that the house dynamics where directly responsible for the outcomes experienced by the personel members. In Laing's eyes the house was responsible for the identification of the scapegoat and then an atmosphere of blaming everything that went wrong on that target member relieved the other house members of accountability for their own actions.
Family therapy advanced from the work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1956) from his theory of general Systems. This sees man as autonomous, creative organism living in an open theory i.e. The family. Behaviour is regulated by the house and is seen in Gestalt terms as being part of a whole theory of which the personel is but a part. Each personel then must contribute to the whole house in order for it to function successfully. Bertalanffy stressed transportation in the middle of members as the fundamental theory to enhancing relationships and to stop the theory of scapegoating. The purpose of the house therapy is to help the individuals emerge from the whole by becoming detach persons exciting from an undifferentiated wholeness to a differentiated individual.
Unlike psychoanalysis, house therapy often involves two therapists. One acts as mediator in the middle of the members and initiates field seminar and guidance, while the other acts as an observer. It is very difficult to note everything that is going on in body language and asides when four or more house members are all speaking and trying to chronicle their scenario of what is going wrong within the house unit. The second therapist can look objectively at both what the house members are contributing and also how their colleague is influencing and interacting within the group. through this technique over many sessions the house dynamics emerge and conflicts and resolutions can be obtained to the delight of all the members of the house in crisis.
One singular theory of house therapy was proposed by George Kelly (1955) called "Personal manufacture Theory." Kelly believed that a citizen are constantly changing and developing and that to understand man we have to try and find out how that man makes sense of the world. Kelly believed that citizen act as scientists constantly evaluating the world and applying attributions to illustrate and understand the actions of others. Kelly's contribution to house therapy was that by personel psychoanalysis with members of a house you could ask each one their impression of how the others think and chronicle to them and what the other house members think of each other. From this arrival the house create model of their world and manufacture relationships based on this fundamental postulate that personel members anticipate what the other members will do in any situation and therefore act accordingly towards them. It was Kelly's hypothesis that by comprehension the personel diagnosis that house constructs and so interaction could be great understood. In therapeutic terms this meant a more in-depth comprehension into relationships and how others perceived the house environment.
From Kelly's and others work it is possible in both psychoanalysis and house therapy to see alliances, dyads and triads within the house system. Alliances illustrate conflict when for example father and mother allow the son to stay out late but not the daughter. A dyad exists in the middle of the father and mother against the daughter and a triad if the son also agrees with the parents. however these dynamics can change. mother may sympathise with the daughter's plights and may have an alliance in the middle of the daughter against the Father's wishes. The son may align himself to the daughter against the father and mother and so form two dyads in conflict. This theory helps us to understand the problems and interaction within the house unit on a therapeutic level.
The ensue of both psychoanalysis and house therapy are not diametrically opposed but act as complimentary to each other as a form of reserve depending on the needs of the client and their presenting problems. The therapist in both situations needs to be aware of their limitations in the work to be achieved and the goals set by both the personel and house members. Both methods want a high level of theoretical comprehension and the ability to be flexible in the arrival taken. Critically the therapist should all the time remember to clearly define the aims and objectives of their chosen therapy and the reasons and acceptability of the clients to that singular approach.
A connection of trust has to be achieved in therapy and this is doubly hard to do when confronted by hostile house members who may feel intimidated by being in therapy in the first place. Being able to incorporate with one man through empathy is a skill needed by the therapist and in house therapy this means of policy trying to empathise with four or more citizen without appearing bias to one member over another. The danger of transference exists at a more complex level in the house therapy. The therapist may be seen as a threat to parental dominance by becoming the new parent. The main aim of either therapy is to bring the client or clients to a conflict free environment and not to create new conflicts along the way.
Much modern therapy is of policy short-term in duration and in itself creates problems. Economically all therapy can be costly and therapist should be aware of the economic conflicts involved, even to the point of the house blaming one member for the cost of therapy. By its very nature therapy can in many instances only guide the personel or house on to the path of resolution and so should incorporate on those skills needed by the clients to achieve this goal as early as possible during therapy. This will enable the clients to continue therapy on their own by following laid down strategies for dealing with hereafter conflict. Teaching Eric Berne's "Game Theory" can help clients to recognise for themselves when what they say or do is not what they literally mean but a psychological game based in childhood as a way of resolving problems that is no longer affective in adulthood.
"What ever recipe the therapist uses or the client responds too both psychoanalysis, in its many forms and house therapy can help to determine conscious and unconscious conflict.
References:
Berne, E (1964) Games citizen Play, Pgs. 1/37
Berne, E (1970) Sex in Human Loving, Pgs93/96
Kennedy, E (1973) On Becoming a Counsellor Pg 221
Bion, W.R. (1961) Experiences in Groups Pg 11
Fromm, E. (1973) The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness Pg 291
Rycroft, C (1985) Psychoanalysis and Behaviour Pgs 58, 128, 147.
Mitchell, J (1986) The prime Melanie Klein Pgs57, 84.
Laing, Rd & Esterson, A (1964) Sanity, Madness and the house Pgs 1/15
Christensen/Wagner/Halliday (2001) Instant Notes psychology Pgs.236
Rea's problem Solver in psychology Pgs600/601
Thompson. B (1984) Unit 8 collective psychology D307 Open University Pgs9-19
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